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The shell of the black walnut (Juglans nigra) is obtained from the immature fruit of the tree. The black walnut, also known as the "black nut," is a type of walnut native to the United States and Canada. The tree belongs to the walnut family.
The black walnut fruit is dark brown and has a distinctive aroma that differs from that of European walnuts. They are sometimes processed into extracts or tinctures, preserving their natural compounds. The fruit is edible and contains polyphenols, tannins, juglone, tannins, and omega fatty acids, among other nutrients.
The common walnut (Juglans regia) is widely used in food and culinary applications for its edible nuts.

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla, synonym Matricaria recutita) is an annual, aromatic plant from the Asteraceae family. Originally native to large parts of Europe, it is now widely cultivated, including in Hungary and several Eastern European countries.
Chamomile has a long cultural and historical background. In ancient Egypt, the plant was symbolically worshipped and associated with the sun god Ra. Throughout the centuries, chamomile has been frequently described in botanical and historical sources, contributing to its fame and spread.

Absinthe wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) is a plant from the composite family (Asteraceae). This species is on the Dutch Red List of plants as quite rare and moderately reduced in numbers. It is a perennial plant that grows naturally on dry, calcareous, nitrogen-rich and cultivated soils in temperate regions of Europe, Asia and North Africa. The genus name Artemisia is derived from the Greek hunting goddess Artemis.
The bitter extract of these buds is an important ingredient in drinks such as vermouth and classic absinthe. The most important flavorings are absinthine and the menthol-smelling terpene thujone.

Nettle (Urtica dioica) is a herbaceous plant found in many places and known for its stinging hairs when touched. Despite this characteristic, the plant has long been valued and used in various cultures. Nettle is used in culinary preparations such as soup and herbal tea.
The plant is native to large parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. The Latin name Urtica dioica refers to the plant's stinging properties. Historical and botanical sources describe both the leaves and the roots as being traditionally collected and processed.
Both nettle leaf and root hold a firm place in herbal tradition. Due to their natural composition and long history, these parts of the plant have been mentioned for centuries in ethnobotanical and historical accounts.

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is a perennial plant in the Lamiaceae family and is known for its fresh, lemony scent. The plant is native to Southern Europe but also grows easily in temperate regions such as the Netherlands and Belgium. Thanks to underground rhizomes, lemon balm overwinters easily. The plant typically reaches a height of about 50 centimeters.
Lemon balm has a long history of cultivation and was already documented in ancient times. It is likely that the plant was introduced to Europe by Arab cultures via Spain, after which monasteries played an important role in its further spread and cultivation. Historical sources often mention lemon balm for its aromatic and culinary value.

The marigold, or Calendula officinalis, belongs to the Asteraceae family (Compositae) and is often cultivated in ornamental gardens. It originates from Southern Europe.
It is an annual plant with usually orange flowers, sometimes yellow, that can reach a height of 30–45 cm. The flowering period runs from May to November, and the fruits are often curved and boat-shaped.
Both fresh and dried flowers can be used in soups and as a natural coloring for cheese, butter, and other foods. Historically, the petals were also used to simulate saffron.
In addition, marigold petals are used in products such as ointments and tinctures. The flowers contain essential oils that are used in the processing of these products.

Lungwort belongs to the genus Pulmonaria within the borage family (Boraginaceae). The botanical name is derived from the Latin word pulmo, meaning "lung." This name refers to the striking leaf markings of some species, such as spotted lungwort, which were once compared to the appearance of human lungs.
This association played an important role in the theory of signatures, a traditional doctrine in which it was believed that a plant's appearance provided clues to its intended use. Based on this line of thought, lungwort was historically used for conditions associated with the lungs.
The Dutch name lungwort is derived directly from the botanical name. Similar names also appear in other Western European languages, indicating the plant's wide cultural and historical renown.

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) is a plant that has been used for centuries in various cultures. Both the root and the aerial parts of the plant are used and are known for their versatile uses.
The young leaves of the dandelion are traditionally used in dishes such as salads, especially in spring. The yellow flowers can be used as decoration and are also suitable for drying and making into herbal tea.
Dandelions naturally contain various plant compounds, including bitter substances, flavonoids, and fatty acids. They are also a source of vitamins, such as B vitamins and vitamin C, and contain minerals such as calcium, magnesium, zinc, and manganese. Because of this composition, the dandelion is valued as an edible wild plant in herbal culture.

Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) belongs to the mallow family (Malvaceae) and has been spread worldwide by human activity, especially to areas with suitable soil, humidity and climate.
The starch in the carrot, mixed with proteinaceous substances, was formerly used in making marshmallows and bacon. The leaves can be eaten cooked and the flowers can be used raw in salads.

Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa), also known as roselle, is used worldwide in both hot and cold beverages and as a natural flavoring and coloring agent in the food industry. The plant is especially prized for its fresh, tart flavor and striking deep red color.
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. is an annual shrub that can reach a height of over two meters. The plant typically has smooth, red-tinged stems and creamy to light yellow flowers that turn pink at the end of the day. After flowering, a characteristic red calyx develops, which is fleshy, crisp, and juicy. When this calyx fully develops and dries, it turns brown and bursts open.

Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is a plant with a long history of use in Europe. It is still common in the Netherlands and prefers airy, moist soil. The roots of the plant, in particular, are known for their strong and distinctive odor, which attracts cats, among other things.
Valerian has been used in folk customs and traditions since ancient times. Our ancestors employed the herb in rituals and symbolic practices, for example, to ward off evil. Brides and grooms wore wreaths of valerian leaves, and farmers used the herb in traditional agricultural practices.
Valerian's distinct scent is due to the natural plant compounds found in the root. Today, valerian is primarily valued for its characteristic properties and historical significance.

Cloves are the dried flower buds of the clove tree (Syzygium aromaticum), an evergreen tree native to the Moluccas. The flower buds are harvested before they fully open and then dried. This drying process gives them their characteristic dark color and intensely aromatic scent.
The spice is characterized by its strong flavor and warm, spicy aroma. These properties are primarily due to the presence of essential oils, of which eugenol is the most important component. Eugenol largely determines the scent and flavor profile of cloves and contributes to the stability of the product.

Wild catnip (Nepeta cataria) belongs to a genus of 250 species in the family Lamiaceae. The genus is closely related to Glechoma, Stachys and Prunella. This genus originally occurs in Europe and Asia. The stems grow in nodes and often form dense carpets on the ground. The leaves are coarsely toothed and feel soft because of the hairs. The erect stems bear small, tubular flowers in pairs that are located in the axils of the leaves.

Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) is a plant in the Asteraceae family and is closely related to wormwood. It is a weakly aromatic plant with deeply incised leaves that are white and felt-like hairy on the underside. The stem can reach a length of approximately 60 to 120 centimeters and often exhibits a reddish discoloration.
Mugwort is common in the Netherlands and Belgium. The plant grows primarily in fallow land, along roads, and on other disturbed soil types. Mugwort thrives best in sandy soils and is known for its strong adaptability.

Peppermint oil is extracted from the leaves of the peppermint plant (Mentha piperita), a cross between water mint (Mentha aquatica) and spearmint (Mentha spicata). Peppermint belongs to the Lamiaceae family, which also includes other aromatic herbs such as basil and rosemary.
The plant was recognized as a distinct species in England in the 17th century and has been widely cultivated ever since. Peppermint naturally contains several essential oils, including menthol, menthone, and cineole, which together contribute to its characteristic fresh scent and flavor.
Peppermint oil is used as an ingredient in a variety of products, such as peppermint candy, flavorings, and herbal preparations. The leaves of the peppermint plant are also traditionally made into tea.

Common sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is a well-known herb that has been used for centuries, from China to ancient Rome. Symbolic and magical properties were even attributed to the purple flowers.
Sage belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is prized for its aromatic leaves and characteristic scent. The herb naturally contains various plant compounds, including antioxidants, which contribute to sage's characteristic properties.
Sage is traditionally used in culinary applications, such as sauces, meat dishes, and herbal teas. The leaves can be used fresh or dried and are also popular in aromatic oils and spice blends.

Ashwagandha, officially known as Withania somnifera, is a plant that has been used for centuries in the Ayurvedic tradition of India. Within this traditional teaching, ashwagandha is referred to as a rasayana, a term used in Ayurveda for herbs with special cultural and historical significance.
The plant belongs to the Magnoliophyta family and is also known as Indian ginseng and winter cherry. The root of the plant is traditionally used most often.
The name ashwagandha literally means "horse scent," a reference to the characteristic, earthy aroma of the fresh root. In Indian culture, the herb is often symbolically associated with strength and vitality, similar to that of a horse.

Red clover (Trifolium pratense) is a plant native to Europe and Central Asia. It is characterized by its compound leaves, which usually consist of three leaflets, and its light purple flower heads.
Red clover flower heads naturally contain various plant compounds, including isoflavones. Isoflavones belong to the polyphenol group and are part of the plant's natural composition. Red clover also contains vitamins such as vitamin C, B1, B2, B3, beta-carotene, and choline.
Red clover has a long history of use in various cultures and is now incorporated into a variety of herbal preparations, such as teas and other plant products.

Lavender (Lavandula) is a genus of aromatic dwarf shrubs belonging to the Lamiaceae family. These plants are especially beloved for their characteristic purple flowers and pleasant fragrance and are widely planted in gardens, borders, and lavender fields.
An important use of lavender is the extraction of lavender oil from the flowering tops. This essential oil is widely used as a fragrance in cosmetic products such as soaps, creams, and perfumes, and also plays a role in aromatic applications.
Lavender also finds its way into the kitchen. The flowers, both fresh and dried, are used as a flavoring and are included in Provençal herb blends, among other things. Lavender can be added to dishes such as cheeses, vegetables, and sweet preparations.

Iceland moss (Cetraria islandica), also known by the basic name Lichen islandicus, is a shrubby lichen belonging to the Parmeliaceae family (shell mosses). The species is native to cold and mountainous regions and is extremely rare in the Netherlands. For this reason, Iceland moss is listed on the Dutch Red List as critically endangered.
Iceland moss has a long cultural and historical background. Botanical and historical sources from the 17th century describe the lichen as part of the botanical knowledge of the time. During that period, the lichen was collected whole and used in traditional practices. These uses are part of historical and folklore.

Hops (Humulus lupulus) are a hardy, perennial climbing plant belonging to the hemp family (Cannabaceae). The name lupulus may be derived from the Latin word lupus (wolf), which refers to the way the plant twines itself around other plants.
Hops have a long cultural history. The plant was already valued by the ancient Babylonians and Egyptians for its aromatic properties. Later, hops became a staple ingredient in beer production, where they continue to play an important role today due to their characteristic flavor and aroma. Hops were also frequently described in herbals and other historical sources during the Middle Ages.

The mullein (Verbascum thapsus) is a member of the marram family (Scrophulariaceae) and mainly thrives in dune and chalk areas, where it is quite common. This plant is rare to find elsewhere in the Netherlands.
The flowers of the mullein are yellow and have a diameter of 1.5–3 cm. They consist of five connate petals, five sepals and five stamens, three of which are covered with yellow or white hairs. The flowers grow in dense spikes and bloom from July to autumn. An adult plant can reach a height of more than two meters.

St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) is a plant that has been used for centuries in European herbal medicine. Its use dates back to the time of the Ancient Greeks. Traditionally, it is harvested between June 21st and 24th, the feast of St. John's Day, in both pagan and Christian traditions.
The plant contains bioflavonoids, tannins, and essential oils. In folk medicine, St. John's wort is used in oils, tinctures, or supplements.
While most people tolerate St. John's wort well, it is important to exercise caution when using it concurrently with other herbs or medications. St. John's wort can be photosensitive, meaning some people may experience an allergic reaction, especially when using it on skin products. Therefore, be mindful of sunlight exposure when using St. John's wort products.

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) is a herbaceous plant in the daisy family (Asteraceae). It is a hardy perennial species common in the Netherlands and other parts of Europe. The plant is recognizable by its finely divided, feathery leaves and small flower heads, which are usually white but sometimes have a light pink tinge.
Yarrow has a long history and has been described in botanical and historical sources for centuries. The plant is named after the Greek hero Achilles, who, according to tradition, used yarrow, contributing to the herb's fame in classical antiquity.